BhG 4.28

dravya-yajñās tapo-yajñā yoga-yajñās tathāpare
svādhyāya-jñāna-yajñāś ca yatayaḥ saṃśita-vratāḥ

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analysis

syntax

[ke-cit] (some persons) dravya-yajñāḥ (whose sacrifice is giving away goods) [bhavanti] (they are),
[ke-cit] (some persons) tapo-yajñāḥ (whose sacrifice is austerity) [bhavanti] (they are),
[ke-cit] (some persons) yoga-yajñāḥ (whose sacrifice is yoga) [bhavanti] (they are),
tathā ca (and so) apare (others) svādhyāya-jñāna-yajñāḥ (whose sacrifice is knowledge gained through recitation) [bhavanti] (they are).
[ete] (these) yatayaḥ (endeavouring) saṁśita-vratāḥ (whose vows are firm) [bhavanti] (they are).

grammar

dravya-yajñāḥ	–	dravya-yajña 1n.3 m.; BV: yeṣāṁ dravyānāṁ dānam yajño ‘sti te – those whose sacrifice is giving away goods (from: dravya – substance, thing, object, goods; √yaj – to consecrate, to sacrifice, to worship, yajña – sacrifice, worship);
tapo-yajñāḥ	–	tapo-yajña 1n.3 m.; BV: yeṣāṁ tapo yajño ‘sti te – those whose sacrifice is austerity (from: √tap – to scorch, tapas – heat, austerity; √yaj – to consecrate, to sacrifice, to worship, yajña – sacrifice, worship);
yoga-yajñāḥ	–	yoga-yajña 1n.3 m.; BV: yeṣāṁ yogo yajño ‘sti te – those whose sacrifice is yoga (from: √yuj – to yoke, to join, to engage, yoga – yoga, yoking, application, a means, one of the schools of Hindu philosophy; √yaj – to consecrate, to sacrifice, to worship, yajña – sacrifice, worship);
tathā	–	av. – in that manner, so, in like manner;
apare	–	a-para 1n.3 m. – others, those later, different;
svādhyāya-jñāna-yajñāḥ	–	svādhyāya-jñāna-yajña 1n.3 m.; BV: svādhyāyena jñānaṁ yajño ‘sti te – those whose sacrifice is knowledge gained through recitation (from: ā–√dhī – to contemplate, to think over, svādhyāya – recitation, repeating the Veda, studying, reading; √jñā – to know, to understand, jñāna – knowledge, wisdom, intelligence; √yaj – to consecrate, to sacrifice, to worship, yajña – sacrifice, worship);
ca	–	av. – and;
yatayaḥ	–	yati 1n.3 m. – endeavouring, ascetics (from: √yat – to place in order, to endeavour);
saṁśita-vratāḥ	–	saṁśita-vrata 1n.3 m.; BV: yeṣāṁ saṁśitāni vratāni santi te – those whose vows are firm (from: sam-√śi – to sharpen, saṁśita – sharp, firm; √vṛ – to choose, to like or √vṛ – to cover, to restrain, vrata – austerity, a vow);

textual variants

yoga-yajñās → jñāna-yajñās (those whose sacrifice is knowledge);
yatayaḥ → munayaḥ (sages);

commentaries

Śāṃkara

dravya-yajñās tīrtheṣu dravya-viniyogaṃ yajña-buddhyā kurvanti ye te dravya-yajñāḥ | tapo-yajñās tapo yajño yeṣāṃ tapasvināṃ te tapo-yajñāḥ | yoga-yajñāḥ prāṇāyāma-pratyāhārādi-lakṣaṇo yogo yajño yeṣāṃ te yoga-yajñāḥ | tathāpare svādhyāya-jñāna-yajñāś ca svādhyāyo yathā-vidhi ṛg-ādy-abhyāso yajño yeṣāṃ te svādhyāya-yajñāḥ | jñāna-yajñā jñānaṃ śāstrārtha-parijñānaṃ yajño yeṣāṃ te jñāna-yajñāḥ | svādhyāya-yajñā jñāna-yajñāś ca yatayo yatana-śīlāḥ | śaṃsita-vratāḥ samyak śitāni tanūkṛtāni tīkṣṇīkṛtāni vratāni yeṣāṃ te saṃśita-vratāḥ

Rāmānuja

kecit karmayogino dravyayajñāḥ nyāyato dravyāṇy upādāya devatārcane prayatante, kecic ca dāneṣu, kecic ca yāgeṣu, kecic ca homeṣu / ete sarve dravyayajñāḥ / kecit tapoyajñāḥ kṛcchracāndrāyaṇopavāsādiṣu niṣṭhāṃ kurvanti / yogayajñāś cāpare puṇyatīrthapuṇyasthānaprāptiṣu niṣṭhāṃ kurvanti / iha yogaśabdaḥ karmaniṣṭhābhedaprakaraṇāt tadviṣayaḥ / kecit svādhyāyābhyāsaparāḥ / kecit tadarthajñānābhyāsaparāḥ / yatayaḥ yatanaśīlāḥ, saṃśitavratāḥ dṛḍhasaṅkalpāḥ

Śrīdhara

dravya-yajñā ity ādi | dravya-dānam eva yajño yeṣāṃ te dravya-yajñāḥ | kṛcchra-cāndrāyaṇādi tapa eva yajño yeṣāṃ te eva yajño yeṣāṃ te tapo-yajñāḥ | yogo ‚ṣṭāṅga eva yajño yeṣāṃ te yoga-yajñāḥ | svādhyāyena vedena śravaṇa-mananādinā yat tad artha-jñānaṃ tad eva yajño yeṣāṃ te svādhyāya-jñāna-yajñāḥ | yad vā veda-pāṭha-yajñās tad-artha-jñāna-yajñāś ceti dvividhāḥ | yatayaḥ prayatna-śīlāḥ | samyak śitaṃ tīkṣṇīkṛtaṃ vrataṃ yeṣāṃ te

Madhusūdana

dravya-yajñās tapo-yajñā yoga-yajñās tathāpare svādhyāya-jñāna-yajñāś ca yatayaḥ saṃśita-vratāḥ

Viśvanātha

dravya-dānam eva yajño yeṣāṃ te dravya-yajñāḥ | tapaḥ kṛcchra-cāndrāyaṇādy eva yajño yeṣāṃ te tapo-yajñāḥ | yogo ‚ṣṭāṅga eva yajño yeṣāṃ te yoga-yajñāḥ | svādhyāyo vedasya pāṭhas tad-arthasya jñānaṃ ca yajño yeṣāṃ te | yatayo yatna-parāḥ | sarva ete samyak śitaṃ tīkṣṇīkṛtaṃ vrataṃ yeṣāṃ te

Baladeva

translations

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