BhG 2.28
avyaktādīni bhūtāni vyakta-madhyāni bhārata
avyakta-nidhanāny eva tatra kā paridevanā
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syntax
he bhārata (O descendant of Bhārata!),
avyaktādīni (whose beginning is unmanifest) bhūtāni (creatures) [santi] (they are),
vyakta-madhyāni (whose middle is manifest) [bhūtāni] (creatures) [santi] (they are),
avyakta-nidhanāni eva (certainly those whose end is unmanifest) [bhūtāni] (creatures) [santi] (they are).
[ata eva] (hence) tatra (in this) kā (what?) paridevanā (lamentation).
grammar
| avyaktādīni | – | a-vyakta-ādi 1n.3 n.; BV: yeṣām ādir avyakto ‘sti tāni – whose beginning is unmanifest (from: vi-√añj – to decorate, to make visible, PP vyakta – visible, manifest; ādi – beginning, origin); |
| bhūtāni | – | bhūta 1n.3 n. – beings, creatures (from: √bhū – to be, PP bhūta – been, real, world); |
| vyakta-madhyāni | – | vyakta-madhya 1n.3 n.; BV: yeṣāṁ madhyaṁ vyaktam asti tāni – whose middle is manifest (from: vi-√añj – to decorate, to make visible, PP vyakta – visible, manifest; madhya – middle); |
| bhārata | – | bhārata 8n.1 m. – O descendant of Bhārata; |
| avyakta-nidhanāni | – | a-vyakta-nidhana 1n.3 n.; BV: yeṣāṁ nidhanam avyaktam asti tāni – whose end is unmanifest (from: vi-√añj – to decorate, to make visible, PP vyakta – visible, manifest; nidhana – end, death); |
| eva | – | av. – certainly, just, merely; |
| tatra | – | av. – in that, therein (from: tat – indeclinable locative with an ending -tra); |
| kā | – | kim sn. 1n.1 f. – what? |
| paridevanā | – | pari-devanā 1n.1 f. – lamentation, sorrow; |
Śāṃkara
The key:
an excerpt from the commented verse
quotes from the scriptures
starting polemic
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Neither is it proper to grieve regarding beings which are mere combinations of (material) causes and effects; for, |
kārya-karaṇa-saṃghātātmakāny api bhūtāny uddiśya śoko na yuktaḥ kartum, yataḥ – | |
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Beings have their beginning unseen, their middle seen, and their end unseen again. |
avyaktādīni bhūtāni vyakta-madhyāni bhārata | avyakta-nidhanāny eva tatra kā paridevanā ||2.28|| |
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The origin – prior to manifestation – of beings such as sons and friends, who are mere combinations of material elements correlated as causes and effects, is non-perception (avyakta). |
avyaktādīny avyaktam adarśanam anupalabdhiḥ ādir yeṣāṃ bhūtānāṃ putra-mitrādi-kārya-karaṇa-saṃghātātmakānāṃ tāni avyaktadīni bhūtāni prāg-utpatteḥ | | |
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And having come into existence, their middle state – previous to death – is perceived. Again their end is non-perception: after death, they become unperceived again. |
utpannāni ca prāṅ-maraṇāt vyakta-madhyāni | avyakta-nidhanāny eva punar avyaktam adarśanaṃ nidhanaṃ maraṇaṃ yeṣāṃ tāni avyakta-nidhanāni | maraṇād ūrdhvam apy avyaktatām eva pratipadyante ity arthaḥ | | |
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Thus it is said: |
tathā coktaṃ – adarśanād āpatitaḥ punaś cādarśanaṃ gataḥ | nāsau tava na tasya tvaṃ vṛthā kā paridevanā || (MBh 11.2.8) iti | |
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About these mere illusions – first unseen, then seen, and again unseen – what occasion is there for any lamentation? |
tatra kā paridevanā ko vā pralāpo ’dṛṣṭa-dṛṣṭa-pranaṣṭa-bhrānti-bhūteṣu bhūteṣv ity arthaḥ ||2.28|| |
Rāmānuja
sato dravyasya pūrvāvasthā-virodhy-avasthāntara-prāpti-darśanena yo’pīyān śokaḥ | so’pi manuṣyādi-bhūteṣu na sambhavatīty āha avyaktādīnīti | manuṣyādi-bhūtāni santy eva dravyāṇy anupalabdha-pūrvāvasthāny upalabdha-manuṣyatvādi-madhyamāvasthāny anupalabdhottarāvasthāni sveṣu svabhāveṣu vartanta iti na tatra paridevanā-nimittim asti
Śrīdhara
kiṃ ca dehānāṃ svabhāvaṃ paryālocya tad-upādhike ātmano janma-maraṇe śoko na kārya iti | ata āha avyaktādīnīty ādi | avyaktaṃ pradhānam | tad eva ādir utpatteḥ pūrva-rūpaṃ yeṣāṃ tāni avyaktādīni | bhūtāni śarīrāṇi | kāraṇātmanāpi sthitānām eva utpatteḥ | tathā vyaktam abhivyaktaṃ madhyaṃ janma-maraṇāntarālaṃ sthiti-lakṣaṇaṃ yeṣāṃ tāni vyakta-madhyāni | avyakte nidhanaṃ layo yeṣāṃ tānīmāny evaṃ-bhūtāny eva | tatra teṣu kā paridevanā ? kaḥ śoka-nimitto vilāpaḥ ? pratibuddhasya svapna-dṛṣṭa-vastuṣv iva śoko na yujyata ity arthaḥ
Madhusūdana
tad evaṃ sarva-prakāreṇātmano ‚śocyatvam upapāditam athedānīm ātmano ‚śocyatve ‚pi bhūta-saṅghātātmakāni śarīrāṇy uddiśya śocāmīty arjunāśaṅkām apanudati bhagavān avyaktādīnīti | ādau janmanaḥ prāg-avyaktāni anupalabdhāni bhūtāni pṛthivyādi-bhūta-mayāni śarīrāṇi madhye janmānantaraṃ maraṇāt prāg-vyaktāni upalabdhāni santi | nidhane punar avyaktāny eva bhavanti | yathā svapnendrajālādau pratibhāsa-mātra-jīvanāni śukti-rūpyādivan na tu jñānāt prāg ūrdhvaṃ vā sthitāni dṛṣṭi-sṛṣṭy-abhyupagamāt | tathā ca – ādāv ante ca yan nāsti vartamāne ‚pi tat tathā [ṃā. Kā. 2.6] iti nyāyena madhye ‚pi na santy evaitāni | nāsato vidyate bhāvaḥ [Gītā 2.16] iti prāg-ukteś ca |
evaṃ sati tatra teṣu mithyā-bhūteṣv atyanta-tuccheṣu bhūteṣu kā paridevanā ko vā duḥkha-pralāpo na ko ‚py ucita ity arthaḥ | na hi svapne vividhān bandhūn upalabhya pratibuddhas tad-vicchedena śocati pṛthag-jano ‚pi etad evoktaṃ purāṇe adarśanād āpatitaḥ punaś cādarśanaṃ gataḥ bhūta-saṅgha iti śeṣaḥ | tathā ca śarīrāṇy apy uddiśya śoko nocita iti bhāvaḥ |
ākāśādi-mahā-bhūtābhiprāyeṇa vā śloko yojyaḥ | avyaktam avyākṛtam avidyopahita-caitanyam ādiḥ prāg avasthā yeṣāṃ tāni tathā vyaktaṃ nāma-rūpābhyām evāvidyakābhyāṃ prakaṭībhūtaṃ na tu svena paramārtha-sadātmanā madhyaṃ sthity-avasthā yeṣāṃ tādṛśāni bhūtāni ākāśādīni avyakta-nidhanāny evāvyakte sva-kāraṇe mṛd iva ghaṭādīnāṃ nidhanaṃ pralayo yeṣāṃ teṣu bhūteṣu kā paridevaneti pūrvavat | tathā ca śrutiḥ – tad dhedaṃ tarhy avyākṛtam āsīt tan-nāma-rūpābhyām eva vyākriyata [BAU 1.4.7] ity ādir avyaktopādānatāṃ sarvasya prapañcasya darśayati | laya-sthānatvaṃ tu tasyārtha-siddhaṃ kāraṇa eva kārya-layasya darśanāt | granthāntare tu vistaraḥ | tathā cājñāna-kalpitatvena tucchāny ākāśādi-bhūtāny apy uddiśya śoko nocitaś cet tat-kāryāṇy uddiśya nocita iti kim u vaktavyam iti bhāvaḥ |
athavā sarvadā teṣām avyakta-rūpeṇa vidyamānatvād vicchedābhāvena tan-nimittaḥ pralāpo nocita ity arthaḥ | bhāratety anena sambodhayan śuddha-vaṃśodbhavatvena śāstrīyam arthaṃ pratipattum arho ‚si kim iti na pratipadyasa iti sūcayati
Viśvanātha
tad evaṃ na jāyate na mriyate ity-ādinā, deha-pakṣe ca jātasya hi dhruvo mṛtyuḥ ity anena śoka-viṣayaṃ nirākṛtya idānīm ubhaya-pakṣe ‚pi nirākaroti avyakteti | bhūtāni deva-manuṣya-tiryag-ādīni | avyaktāni na vyaktaṃ vyaktir ādau janma-pūrva-kāle yeṣāṃ, kintu tadānīm api liṅga-dehaḥ sthūla-dehaś ca svārambhaka-pṛthivy-ādi-sattvāt kāraṇātmanā vartamāno ‚spaṣṭam āsīd evety arthaḥ | vyaktaṃ vyaktir madhye yeṣāṃ tāni | na vyakti nidhanād anantaraṃ yeṣāṃ tāni | mahā-pralaye ‚pi karma-mātrādīnāṃ sattvāt sūkṣma-rūpeṇa bhūtāni santy eva | tasmāt sarva-bhūtāni ādy-antarayor avyaktāni madhye vyaktānīty arthaḥ | yad uktaṃ śrutibhiḥ – sthira-cara-jātayaḥ syur ajayottha-nimitta-yujaḥ iti | kā paridevanā kaḥ śoka-nimittaḥ vilāpaḥ ? tathā coktaṃ nāradena –
yan manyase dhruvaṃ lokam adhruvaṃ vā na cobhayam |
sarvathā na hi śocyās te snehād anyatra mohajāt || [BhP 1.13.44] iti
Baladeva
atha dehātma-pakṣe ātmātirikta-deha-pakṣe ca deha-vināśa-hetuka-śoko na yuktas tad-ārambhakāṇāṃ bhūta-mātrāṇām avināśād ity āha avyaktādīnīti | avyaktaṃ nāma-rūpa-virahāt sūkṣmaṃ pradhānam ādi ādi-rūpaṃ yeṣāṃ tāni avyakta-nidhanāni | avyakte tādṛśi pradhāne nidhanaṃ nāma-rūpa-vimardana-lakṣaṇo nāśo yeṣāṃ tāni | mṛd-ādike sad-rūpe dravye kambu-grīvādy-avasthā-yoge ghaṭasyotpattis tad-virodhi-kapālādy-avasthā-yogas tu tasya vināśaḥ kathyate | tad-dravyaṃ sarvadā sthāyīti | evam evāha bhagavān parāśaraḥ – mahī ghaṭatvaṃ ghaṭataḥ kapālikā cūrṇa-rajas tato ‚ṇuḥ [ViP 2.12.42] iti | evaṃ śarīrāṇy ādy-antayor nāma-rūpāyogād avyaktimanti | madhye tu tad-yogād vyaktimanti | tad-ārambhakāni bhūtāni tu sarvadā santīti teṣu vastutaḥ satsu kā paridevanā kaḥ śoka-nimitta-vilāpa ity arthaḥ | dehānya-nityātma-pakṣe tu vāsāṃsi ity ādikaṃ na vismartavyam | yat tv ādy-antayor asattvān madhye ‚pi bhūtāny asanty evātaḥ svāpnika-rathāśvādi-prakhyāni mṛṣā-bhūtāny eva tena tad-viyoga-hetukaḥ śokaḥ pratibuddhasya na dṛṣṭa iti dṛṣṭi-sṛṣṭim abhyupaityāhus tan mandaṃ tad-abhyupagame vaidikāsatkāryavādāpatteḥ | tad evaṃ mata-dvaye ‚pi deha-vināśa-hetukaḥ śoko nāstīti siddham
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