BhG 8.21

avyakto kṣara ity uktas tam āhuḥ paramāṃ gatim
yaṃ prāpya na nivartante tad dhāma paramaṃ mama

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syntax


avyaktaḥ (unmanifested) akṣaraḥ iti (imperishable) uktaḥ (is called),
tam (that) paramām gatim (supreme goal) āhuḥ (they declared).
yam (that which) prāpya (after obtaining) na nivartante (they do not return),
tat (that) mama (my) paramam dhāma (supreme abode) [asti] (it is).

 

grammar

avyaktaḥ a-vyakta (vi-añj – to decorate, to make visible) PP 1n.1 m.unmanifested, invisible, unevolved;
akṣaraḥ a-kṣara 1n.1 m. imperishable, a syllable (from: kṣar – to flow, to perish, kṣara – perishable);
iti av.thus (used to close the quotation);
uktaḥ ukta (vac – to speak) PP 1n.1 m.is said, called;
tam tat sn. 2n.1 m.that;
āhuḥ ah (to speak – inflected only in Perf., other forms from: brū) Perf. P 1v.3they spoke, they declared;
paramām paramā 2n.1 f. supreme, the highest (superlative of: para – beyond, ancient, final, the best, the supreme);
gatim gati 2n.1 f.moving, passage, means, refuge, goal (from: gam – to go);
yam yat sn. 2n.1 m.that which;
prāpya pra-āp (to obtain) absol.after obtaining;
na av.not;
nivartante ni-vṛt (to stop, to turn back) Praes. Ā 1v.3they return;
tat tat sn. 1n.1 n.that;
dhāma dhāman 1n.1 n.abode, house, state, majesty, splendour (from: dhā – to put);
paramam parama 1n.1 n.supreme, the highest (superlative of: para – beyond, ancient, final, the best, the supreme);
mama asmat sn. 6n.1my;

 

textual variants


yaṁ → yat / yaḥ (which / he who);
nivartante → nivarteta (he would not return);

The third and fourth pada of verse 8.21 are almost the same as the third and fourth pada of verse BhG 15.6 (the last pada relates to the fourth pada of: Kaṭhopaniṣad 3.9);

 
 



Śāṃkara


yo’sāv avyakto’kṣara ity uktas tam evākṣara-saṃjñakam avyaktaṃ bhāvam āhuḥ paramāṃ prakṛṣṭāṃ gatim | yaṃ paraṃ bhāvaṃ prāpya gatvā na nivartante saṃsārāya, tad dhāma sthānaṃ paramaṃ prakṛṣṭaṃ mama, viṣṇoḥ paramaṃ padam ity arthaḥ

 

Rāmānuja


atha kaivalyaṃ praptānām api punarāvṛttir na vidyata ity aha

tasmād avyaktād acetanaprakṛtirūpāt puruṣārthatayā paraḥ utkṛṣṭo bhāvo ‚nyo jñānaikākāratayā tasmād visajātīyaḥ, avyaktaḥ kenacit pramāṇena na vyajyata ity avyaktaḥ, svasaṃvedyasvāsādhāraṇākāra ityarthaḥ; sanātanaḥ utpattivināśānarhatayā nityaḥ yaḥ sarveṣu viyadādibhūteṣu sakāraṇeṣu sakāryeṣu vinaśyatsu tatra tatra sthito ‚pi na vinaśyati; saḥ avyakto ‚kṣara ityuktaḥ, „ye tv akṣaram anirdeśyam avyaktaṃ paryupāsate”, „kūṭastho ‚kṣara ucyate” ityādiṣu taṃ vedavidaḥ paramāṃ gatim āhuḥ / ayam eva, „yaḥ prayāti tyajan dehaṃ sa yāti paramāṃ gatim” ity atra paramagatiśabdanirdiṣṭo ‚kṣaraḥ prakṛtisaṃsargaviyuktasvasvarūpeṇāvasthita ātmetyarthaḥ / yam evaṃbhūtaṃ svarūpeṇāvasthitaṃ prāpya na nivartante; tan mama paramaṃ dhāma paraṃ niyamanasthānam / acetanaprakṛtir ekaṃ niyamanasthānam; tatsaṃsṛṣṭarūpā jīvaprakṛtir dvitīyaṃ niyamanasthānam / acitsaṃsargaviyuktaṃ svarūeṇāvathitaṃ muktasvarūpaṃ paramaṃ niyamanasthānam ityarthaḥ / tac cāpunarāvṛttirūpam / atha vā prakāśavācī dhāmaśabdaḥ; prakāśaḥ ceha jñānam abhipretam; prakṛtisaṃsṛṣṭāt parichinnajñānarūpād ātmano ‚paricchinnajñānarūpatayā muktasvarūpaṃ paraṃ dhāma

 

Śrīdhara


avināśe pramāṇaṃ darśayann āha avyakta iti | yo bhāvo ‚vyakto ‚tīndriyaḥ | akṣaraḥ praveśa-nāśa-śūnya iti | tathākṣarāt saṃbhavatīha viśvaṃ ity ādi-śrutiṣv akṣara ity uktaḥ | taṃ paramāṃ gatiṃ gamyaṃ puruṣārtham āhuḥ | puruṣān na paraṃ kiṃcit sā kāṣṭhā sā parā gatiḥ ity-ādi-śrutayaḥ | parama-gatitvam evāha yaṃ prāpya na nivartanta iti | tac ca mamaiva dhāma svarūpam | mamety upacāre ṣaṣṭhī | rāhoḥ śira itivat | ato ‚ham eva paramā gatir ity arthaḥ

 

Madhusūdana


yo bhāva ihāvyakta ity akṣara iti cokto ‚nyatrāpi śrutiṣu smṛtiṣu ca taṃ bhāvam āhuḥ śrutayaḥ smṛtayaś ca puruṣān na paraṃ kiṃcit sā kāṣṭhā paramā gatiḥ ity ādyāḥ | paramām utpatti-vināśa-śūnya-sva-prakāśa-paramānanda-rūpāṃ gatiṃ puruṣārtha-viśrāntim | yaṃ bhāvaṃ prāpya na punar nivartante saṃsārāya tad-dhāma svarūpaṃ mama viṣṇoḥ paramaṃ sarvotkṛṣṭam | mama dhāmeti rāhoḥ śira itivad bheda-kalpanayā ṣaṣṭhī | ato ‚ham eva paramā gatir ity arthaḥ

 

Viśvanātha


pūrvokta-ślokoktam avyakta-śabdaṃ vyācaṣṭe avyakta iti | na kṣaratīty akṣaro nārāyaṇaḥ eko nārāyaṇa āsīn na brahmā na ca śaṅkaraḥ iti śruteḥ | mama paramaṃ dhāma nityaṃ svarūpam | yad vā akṣaraḥ paraṃ dhāma brahmaiva mad-dhāma mat-tejo-rūpam

 

Baladeva


yo bhāvo mayehāvyakta ity akṣara iti cocyate taṃ vedāntāḥ paramāṃ gatim āhuḥ puruṣān na paraṃ kiṃcit sā kāṣṭhā paramā gatiḥ ity ādau | yaṃ bhāvaṃ prāpyopetya janāḥ punar na nivartante janma nāpnuvanti sa bhāvo ‚ham evety āha tad iti | tan mamaiva dhāma svarūpaṃ paramaṃ śrīmat ṣaṣṭhīyaṃ caitanyam ātmanaḥ svarūpam itivad avagantavyā

 
 



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